IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

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Get Permission Makhija and Patil: Cytology of breast-lesions


Introduction

Breast lesions are one of the commonest diagnostic problems to clinicians as well as pathologists.1 FNA is a simple and cost effective method. It helps in giving timely diagnosis.2 Apart from confirming clinical diagnosis, FNA – breast also helps in distinguishing benign and malignant lesions.3 It plays a crucial role in management of patients who are unwilling or unfit for surgery.4

Objectives

  1. To study cytology of various breast lesions,

  2. To correlate cytological diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis wherever possible,

  3. To study sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FNA in breast lesions.

Materials and Methods

A prospective study of two year duration was done from November 2017 to November 2019 at Department of Pathology, JJMMC Davangere. It is a descriptive type of study. This study includes 425 patients with breast lesions referred for fine needle aspiration cytology to Department of Pathology.

Inclusion criteria

Patients of both sexes and all age groups were included.

Exclusion criteria

Un cooperative patients were excluded.

Informed consent was taken from the patients for the procedure and for being a part of this study. FNAC was done using a 22 gauge needle. Smears were made and stained with H & E and Giemsa. Cytomorphologcal features were studied. Yokohama s ystem was applied for cytomorphological grading of breast lesions (Table 1). Yokohama system was framed by International Academy of Cytology and various experts in the field of breast cytology. It defines five categories for reporting cytology of breast lesions. These categories are stratified by their risk of malignancy.5

Table 1
Category Interpretation Risk of Malignancy ( % )
C1 Insufficient Aspirate 2.6 – 4.8
C2 Benign 1.4 – 2.3
C3 Atypical 13.0 – 15.7
C4 Suspicious for malignancy 84.6 – 97.1
C5 Malignant 99.0 – 100.0

5 tier Yokohama system

Histopathological specimens were processed routinely. Paraffin sections were stained with H&E and examined. Histopathological diagnosis was made independently. Cytopathological diagnosis was correlated with Histopathological diagnosis wherever possible. Results of this study were calculated by using methodology of Galen and Gambino.

Results

A total of 425 patients were cytologically diagnosed to have Breast Pathologies. The following observations were made.

Age group of patients referred for FNA ranged from 18 to 73 years. Most common age group was 31 to 40 years. In present study, 419 lesions (98.6%) occurred in females. Remaining 6 cases (1.4%) were males.

On applying 5 tier system of classification of breast lesions (Table 2), maximum number of cases belonged to C2 category followed by C5 category.

Table 2
Category Number of cases Percentage of cases
C1 13 3.06
C2 268 63.06
C3 13 3.06
C4 29 6.82
C5 102 24.00
Total 425 100.00

Shows number and percentage of cases in various categories.

Benign lesions constituted 268 cases (Table 3). Most common lesion in benign category was Fibroadenoma (Image 1 and 2) – 151 cases. This was followed by fibrocystic disease – 50 cases.

Table 3
Serial Number Breast Lesion Total Cases
1 Fibroadenoma 151
2 Fibrocystic Disease 50
3 Benign Phylloids Tumor 8
4 Breast Abcess 7
5 Gynaecomastia 6
6 Lactation Adenoma 6
7 Acute Mastitis 6
8 Duct Ectasia 5
9 Galactocele 4
10 Lipoma 4
11 Foreign Body Granuloma 4
12 Chronic Granulomatous Mastitis 3
13 Usual Ductal Hyperplasia 3
14 Chronic Lobular Mastitis 3
15 Acute On Chronic Mastitis 3
16 Epidermal Inclusion Cyst 2
17 Non Caseating Granulomatous Mastitis 2
18 Juvenile Papilloma 1
Total 268

Showing frequency of various benign lesions-

Figure 1

Fibroadenoma cytology (Giemsa 40 x)

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-media-server/7de4ed21-ca80-4ada-b04a-536910c13cb4image1.png
Figure 2

Fibroadenoma histology (H & E) 100X

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-media-server/7de4ed21-ca80-4ada-b04a-536910c13cb4image2.png

102 breast lesions belonged to malignant category (Table 4). Ductal Carcinoma ( Image 3 and 4) was most common – constituting 82 cases.

Table 4
Serial number Breast Lesion Number of cases
1 Ductal Carcinoma 82
2 Papillary Carcinoma 4
3 Medullary Carcinoma 3
4 Mucinous Carcinoma 2
5 Metastatic Adenocarcinoma 2
6 Lobular Carcinoma 2
7 Colloid Carcinoma 2
8 Metaplastic Carcinoma 2
9 Histiocytoid Carcinoma 1
10 Secretory Carcinoma 1
11 Carcinosarcoma 1
Total Cases 102

Showing various malignant lesions

Figure 3

Ductal Carcinoma - Cytology (Giemsa – 40 x)

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-media-server/7de4ed21-ca80-4ada-b04a-536910c13cb4image3.png

Figure 4

Ductal Carcinoma cytology (Giemsa 100 x)

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-media-server/7de4ed21-ca80-4ada-b04a-536910c13cb4image4.png

Figure 5

Ductal Carcinoma histology (H & E – 100 x)

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-media-server/7de4ed21-ca80-4ada-b04a-536910c13cb4image5.png

Table 5
Cytology Histology
Category Number of Cases Benign Malignant
C1 7 4 3
C2 197 187 10
C3 10 8 2
C4 26 1 25
C5 91 6 85
Total 331 206 125

Cyto histo correlation was done in 331 cases

There was a cytology – histology concordance of 94.4%. Positive and Negative predictive values in our study are 94% and 94.2% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy are 90.1%, 96.5% and 94.1%.

Table 6
Serial number Study C1% C2% C3% C4% C5%
1 Anand V et al6 4.9 39.7 24.02 5.39 20.5
2 Yusuf I et al2 0 54.5 10 13.5 22
3 Kamatar PV et al7 5 71 1 2 1
4 Wong S et al8 11 72 4.3 2.2 10
5 Present 3.06 63.06 3.06 6.82 24

Comparison of current study with various other studies

Discussion

FNA is considered one of the most reliable methods of diagnosing breast lesions. It is an outpatient procedure with minimal complications and very high diagnostic accuracy.9 Yokohama system stratifies breast lesions into 5 categories and ensures high quality of reporting which can help in appropriate management of patient.5

As per 5 tier system of classification, maximum cases were in C2 category – 63.06%, followed by C5 category – 24%. Results were compared with other studies (Table 6 ) depicting 5 tier system.

Present study has 3.06 % insufficient aspirates. Percentage of aspirates in previous studies varied from 0.0% to 11.0 %.8, 7, 6, 2 Reasons for insufficient aspirates are deep seated lesions and lesions with irregular borders. Most common benign lesion in our study is fibroadenoma and commonest malignant lesion is Ductal Carcinoma. These results correlate with study conducted by Anand V et al6 and Paramesh et al.10

Our study has cytology histology concordance of 94.4%, which is very good when taking cost effectiveness, speed and simplicity of procedure into consideration. Similar results were obtained in study conducted by Anand V et al6 (89.7%). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy are 90.1%, 96.5% and 94.1% which proves the efficacy and reliability of FNA in the field of breast lesions.

Conclusion

FNA is a very important technique for preoperative evaluation of patients with breast lesions. 5 tier system of grading breast lesions aids cytopathologists in diagnostic clarity. It also helps surgeons in deciding further patient management.

Source and funding

None

Conflict and interest

None

References

1 

Sushma Yalavarthi Ramamurti Tanikella Shailaja Prabhala Uma Shankar Tallam Histopathological and cytological correlation of tumors of breastMed J Dr. D.Y. Patil Univ201473326331

2 

Ibrahim Yusuf AT Atanda Validity of fine needle aspiration cytology of the palpable breast lesions: A teaching hospital experienceNiger J Basic Clin Sci2014113640

3 

Paulo Mendoza Maribel Lacambra Puay-Hoon Tan Gary M. Tse Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Breast: The Nonmalignant CategoriesPathol Res Int2011201118

4 

S Choudhary R Kalkar D Nagaram Fine Needle Cytology as a Diagnostic Tool in Breast LumpsIJCR20181099102

5 

Andrew S. Field Wendy A. Raymond Mary Rickard Lauren Arnold Elena F. Brachtel Benjaporn Chaiwun The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy CytopathologyActa Cytol201963257273

6 

V Anand S Selvi C Sofiya V Ramya A Study of Aspiration Cytology of Breast Lesion and Histopathological CorrelationJDMS2017165861

7 

Poornima V Kamatar Vidisha S Athanikar US Dinesh Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytology Reporting using International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System – Two year retrospective study in Tertiary Care Centre in Southern IndiaNJLM2019813

8 

Stephen Wong Mary Rickard Peter Earls Lauren Arnold Barnabas Bako Andrew S. Field The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology: A Single Institutional Retrospective Study of the Application of the System Categories and the Impact of Rapid Onsite EvaluationActa Cytol201963280291

9 

C I Madubogwu C O Ukah S N C Anyanwu G U Chianakwana I V Onyiaorah D C DAnyiam Sub-classification of Breast Masses by Fine Needle Aspiration CytologyEur J Breast Health2017134194199

10 

Paramesh A Saha T M Kariappa Correlation of fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology in palpable breast lesions in 100 patients of KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sulia, KarnatakaIJAR20151422427



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81-85


Authors Details

Shreya Makhija, S. B Patil


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